I have read, and agree to the. A through a solidified bit of steel is practically a similar relative hardness from surface to center. This gives you a piece of metal that you cannot cut with a saw, but also will not shatter. Hardening occurs during heat treating when the steel (containing sufficient carbon) is cooled rapidly You can call us at (806) 622-1273 or Contact Us by email to learn more about our Amarillo Gear™ and Marley™ gearbox repair services. Girders, metal panels, and even metal doors are all reinforced in this manner. The advantage that this method offers is that it is fast and easily automated. This process can minimize wear and tear and increase the strength of the steel parts’ surface. When you heat the metal to critical temperature (red hot) in the furnace, it aneals the steel completely. Case hardening in steel is explained by the other answers. There are several reasons to case harden a material rather than attempt to harden an entire metal object. It occurs if the wood is dried too quickly before the moisture in the middle can The external carbon source can be a gas, liquid, or solid depending on the application requirements. It is observed commonly in: felsic alkaline rocks, such as nepheline syenite, phonolite and trachyte; pyroclastic rocks, as pyroclastic flow deposit, fine air-fall deposits and vent-filling pyroclastic deposits; sedimentary rocks, as sandstone and mudstone. These efficiencies can result in huge cost savings in large-scale manufacturing operations. Specialty Steel Treating has the precise equipment and color case hardening services you need for case hardening guns. Turnbull is no different, except that to start with (in order to add that signature color case hardening) he has to have an all-steel receiver, both upper and lower. In the atmosphere carburizing process, steel parts are heated in a furnace and mixed with carbon-containing gases such as methane, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide. Case Hardening is used on both carbon and alloy steels although usually mild steels are used. Whichever process you rely on depends on how much or how little you need to harden. This Case Hardening process will be applied to the final shaped machine components. The method of case hardening you use depends on the needs of your company. In a process known as carburizing, a chemically reactive source of carbon adheres to the mild steel during heating at a high temperature. Many old guns have faded color case hardening. Ferritic nitrocarburizing (sometimes abbreviated FNC) is a case hardening processes that diffuses nitrogen and carbon into ferrous metals at sub-critical temperatures during a salt bath. Start a business with a franchise network that has a history of stability and success! But when it comes to durability, case hardening is one of the best. One of the most popular methods for higher carbon steels or other heat-treatable metals is through heating and quenching. The newly Case Hardened item can then be heat treated to give the surface layer the desired hardness. Case hardening is a material processing method that is used to increase the hardness of the outer surface of a metal. Case hardening is not suitable for making good cutting tools that are to be sharpened on both edges. Because of this, induction hardening is only used for steel that already has a carbon content of around 0.4 to 0.6 percent. Often when people think about welding, they think of metals being melted together with sparks or flames produced by a combination of pressurized gases. case-hardened - used of persons; emotionally hardened; "faced a case-hardened judge" hardened, hard-boiled hard - dispassionate; "took a hard look";... Case-hardened - definition of case … Find out information about Case Hardening, Chemical. Case hardening produces a hard and wear-resistant outer layer while preserving the ductile-strength of the interior. This method is generally used on metal alloys that have a low carbon content. Age hardening is a type of heat treatment used in metallurgy to strengthen metal alloys. While welding is often associated hot orange sparks and molten metal, there are several welding processes that do not fit this visual. Case hardening is a simple approach that hardens the surface of a material by infusing elements into the metal. Too high a carbon level can result in excessive carbide formation and carbide networking or massive carbides that may be … It forms a thin layer of hardened alloy called a case. You may click below to visit our UK website, or you may close this window to proceed to our North American website. Standard case hardening is NOT the beautiful mottled colors as shown above, in fact, you can't detect case hardening by appearance. 8948 Centerport Blvd, SP 400 Amarillo, Texas 79108, 13189 Ronald Reagan Hwy Covington, Louisiana 70433, Copyright © 2015 Amarillo Gear Servies. Case hardening or surface hardening is the process of hardening the surface of a metal, often a low carbon steel, by infusing elements into the material's surface, forming a thin layer of … Brought to you by the Machine Tech Video Blog!In this video, Adam and Todd show you how to case harden low carbon steel. Another reason why case hardening is widely used is because of performance. Similar to nitriding, the heating requirements are generally less, potentially resulting in less distortion. Color case hardening (sometimes referred to as case-hardening, case color hardening, or surface hardening) is a heat treating process and one of the earliest ways of hardening lower-grade steel. In general, a carburizing process will produce thicker cases, so these are ideal for components that are under a lot of stress. Wide inventory, excellent customer service, and quick turnaround are what customers love most about Metal Supermarkets. Each process produces a variety of case depths and varying degrees of hardness. Measuring Case Depth Hardness . Case hardening or surface hardening is the process in which hardness the surface (case) of an object is enhanced, while the inner core of the object remains elastic and tough. At Lohman Gunsmith we use our special formula depending on the type of metal we use a combination that includes bone and or charcoal plus a few other things. One reason is efficiency. Barkhausen Noise Analysis, sensitive to both hardness and Some of the classic shotgun with case harden were. Surface hardening (case-hardening) Surface hardening is used to produce a hard and wear-resistant surface layer on steel workpieces, while the toughness in the core is largely retained. Metals that can be case hardened are generally limited to ferrous materials, although there are special cases such as the nitriding of some titanium or aluminum alloys. Heating and quenching involves using some sort of heat source, such as induction coils or an oxyfuel flame to get the outer surface of a steel up past the temperature where its microstructure begins to change, known as its critical temperature (generally somewhere around 700 degrees Celsius). The steel parts are then quenched in an inert gas, such as nitrogen, or in one of the liquids described above. CASE HARDENING STEEL EXCELLENT IN BEARING FATIGUE-STRENGTH, IMPACT-STRENGTH AND BENDING FATIGUE-STRENGTH 例文帳に追加 面圧疲労強度と衝撃強度及び曲げ疲労強度に優れたはだ焼 … Let’s look at the multiple methods used in the ste… All machining, stress relieving, as well as hardening and tempering are normally carried out before nitriding. In case hardening, a low-carbon steel (case hardening steel) with a maximum of 0.2 % carbon is first exposed to a carbon-containing environment. Hardened steel parts are typically used in rotating applications where high wear resistance and strength is required. Surface Hardening – Case Hardening. Case hardening almost always requires elevated temperatures to perform. Case hardening is commonly employed when creating materials for use in constructing different types of buildings. This process allows for intricately shaped metals to possess a strength and toughness that they otherwise wouldn’t be able to possess. Case hardening is a simple approach that hardens the surface of a material by infusing elements into the metal. The carbon combines with the steel to make it nearly glass-like in its hardness. It is useful to consult the technical requirements of your equipment based on its application. Once they are mixed, the parts are then cooled, typically using oil, but brine, molten salt, water, or a polymer solution can also be used. When you heat the metal to critical temperature (red hot) in the furnace, it aneals the steel completely. There are several methods of case hardening for gears, including vacuum carburizing, atmosphere carburizing, and induction hardening. Over 90 locations in North America offering instant access to a wide variety of metal types, shapes, sizes and grades. It … Case Hardening / Surface Hardening The process of Hardening the surface of the machined components to resists wear and tear by keeping the core material remains soft to withstand the shock loads known as the Case hardening or the Surface Hardening process. Case, or surface, hardening increases the surface strength of metal without impacting the inner core of the part. Many processes exist to change the properties of steel tools such tempering steel, oil quenching, precipitation hardening, and more. Let us consider case hardening of mild steel as an example to understand the case hardening of a metal alloy. After this process surface hardness , wear-resistance and fatigue life are enhanced. Metal Supermarkets is the world’s largest supplier of small-quantity metals. After this process surface hardness, wear-resistance and fatigue life are enhanced. Case hardening is commonly employed when creating materials for use in constructing different types of buildings. Different media will be used for different applications depending on the cooling rate required. This process is known as transformation hardening, because the molecular structure … By applying case hardening in Gastonia, NC to a metal, technicians can create a component that is much stronger and more durable than it would be without this process. The parts are then rapidly cooled using a polymer solution or a spray of water. Looking for Case Hardening, Chemical? This outer layer is called “case”, which leads to name this process as case hardening. Case hardening improves both the wear resistance and the fatigue strength of parts under dynamic and/or thermal stresses. Case hardening is a simple method of hardening steel. Laser hardening—also referred to as laser case hardening—is a heat treating process used to improve the strength and durability of component surfaces. Through heating, the hardening can be caused by altering the crystal structure of a metal or adding new elements to the composition of the exterior surface of a metal. A steel heat treatment service such as case hardening can help you authentically restore a firearm, uniquely color action parts or improve and upgrade gun components. Machines that use rotating components like ball bearings, gears, and shafts are subject to “rolling contact fatigue” or “spalling.” Rolling contact fatigue is caused by miniature cracks that occur just below the surface. Carbon is added to the outer surface of the steel, to a depth of approximately 0.03mm. Engineering Applications and Design Engineering Materials. The amount of fatigue will determine which process to use, because you will require a certain thickness in the hardened case to prevent fatigue. It is also called precipitation hardening, as it strengthens metal by creating solid impurities, or precipitates, in the alloy that prevents dislocations in the alloy's crystalline structure. We can cut metal to your exact specifications. Carbon … In order to ensure that the hardness of a metal substrate is appropriate, some metals have their surface hardness altered through a method known as case hardening. The parts are heated in a special container through which ammonia gas is allowed to pass. It looks like you are visiting from the UK. The Case Hardened steel is formed by diffusing carbon, nitrogen or boron into the outer layer of the steel's surface at high temperature. For a lock's shank, however At Metal Supermarkets, we supply a wide range of metals for a variety of applications. The two processes described below are carburizing processes, which mean that carbon is introduced into the steel to increase its strength. This techniques is used for steels with a low carbon content. Color Case Hardening Here at Lohman Gunsmith we are able to bring those faded colors back by redoing the color case hardening. All Rights Reserved. This can be brine, water, oil, or air. Machines that use rotating components like ball bearings, gears, and shafts are subject to “rolling contact fatigue” or “spalling.”. Less energy and less time are required to heat the outermost surface of a metal as opposed to its entire cross section. case hardening, heat treating In surface heat-treating, or case hardening , the surface of a piece of steel is heated to a suitable temperature at which it begins to change its internal structure, and then it is cooled very rapidly. When done with traditional bone charcoals, it just happens to leave pretty colors. Case hardening a gearbox components creates a hard outer-shell and a pliable inner layer. After this process surface hardness , wear-resistance and fatigue life are enhanced. Case Hardening vs. Nitriding gets its name from the formation of nitrides that the process forms on the surface of a metal. Eventually, once the cracks reach the surface of the component, they cause pits that result in flaking. In the early days, the steel was practically placed in a “case” of glowing coke. The high amounts of external carbon will then form carbides with other elements on the surface of the steel. There are a number of great markets still available. Carbon is added to the outer surface of the Once this has been accomplished, the steel surface needs to be rapidly cooled by being placed into contact with a quenching medium. Color case hardening is a process involving sealing the parts in an air-tight steel drum with a mixture of charcoal, charred leather, bone meal and other ingredients. It is less complex than hardening and tempering. Nitriding generally requires lower temperatures than heating and quenching and also does not require a quench process, resulting in less distortion. The addition of the low-carbon metal creates a material that can be molded easily into desired shapes. Color Case hardening is getting very popular. If you need affordable, high-quality industrial gearbox inspection, repair, or maintenance, contact the experts at Amarillo Gear Service in Amarillo, Texas today. Case hardening is used on mild steels. Brought to you by the Machine Tech Video Blog!In this video, Adam and Todd show you how to case harden low carbon steel. Thus, if it is possible to verify the aimed case depth, the process could be verified. The steel absorbs the carbon from these gases and diffuses from the surface of the steel inwards. The elevated temperature and exposure to nitrogen promote the formation of nitrides, which by nature are very hard and resistant to abrasion. Induction Hardening – a Comparison If one compares the two methods for hardening steel workpieces (for a general explanation of hardening see here: Hardening), then the first striking difference is the parts handling. Case hardening is a hardening process. These carbides provide increased hardness and wear resistance. Next, the metal is quenched. Carburizing is another form of case hardening that is widely used to improve the mechanical properties of a steel substrate. Visit one of our 85+ locations in North America today. Makers of tapered roller bearings recognized the need to lessen the problem of brittleness and possible fracture. What is the process for case hardening? What does case hardening mean? Originally, this process used bone charcoal heated to an exact temperature. Metals from the mill often have a finish that is not is not particularly smooth or aesthetically pleasing. After the treatment, the carbon content at the surface of the steel should be raised to 0.8 to 1.0 percent. - Terms & Conditions - Warranty, 4 Helpful Noise Reduction Strategies For Industrial Gearboxes, Prevent Overheating By Reducing The Temperature Of Your Gearbox, 6 Tips For Getting The Most Out Of Your Gearbox Filtration System, How Temperature Can Affect Your Industrial Gearbox, Why Proper Filtration Is Critical To Your Industrial Gearbox. Case hardening may be defined as a process for hardening a ferrous material in such a manner that the surface layer, known as the case, is substantially harder than the remaining material, known as the core. An example of this would be when a metal is needed to resist abrasion, but still needs to be able to absorb an impact without resulting in a complete brittle fracture. In this video I am trying out Angele Maschinebau's case hardening compound, to see if it can have any future uses in videos. Case hardening in wood is a totally different matter and is completely undesirable. When done with traditional bone charcoals, it just happens to leave pretty colors. Case hardening is a material processing method that is used to increase the hardness of the outer surface of a metal. Color case hardening (sometimes referred to as case-hardening, case color hardening, or surface hardening) is a heat treating process and one of the earliest ways of hardening lower-grade steel. technique in which the metal surface is reinforced by the adding of a fine layer at the top of another metal alloy that is generally more durable 90 Locations Across North America Providing Delivery or Pickup, I agree that Metal Supermarkets may contact me. Age hardening is a type of heat treatment used in metallurgy to strengthen metal alloys. The ferrous metals commonly case hardened are: Some common components that are case hardened include: Metal Supermarkets is the world’s largest small-quantity metal supplier with over 90 brick-and-mortar stores across the US, Canada, and United Kingdom. This method offers several advantages over atmosphere carburizing, including better control of carbon diffusion, which minimizes dimensional distortions. Case Hardening Enables Use of Steel with Superior Machinability for Heavy-Duty Applications. The more material that is pitted, the more the component vibrates. Definition of case hardening in the Definitions.net dictionary. The hardened layer is called the case. Choose from thousands of metal types, shapes and grades and get it today. We are metal experts and have been providing quality customer service and products since 1985. Case hardening is a process which involves adding a hard, protective shell to the outside of an otherwise soft steel. Rolling contact fatigue is caused by miniature cracks that occur just below the surface. Case hardened steel is usually formed by diffusing carbon and/or nitrogen into the outer layer of the steel at high temperature. James Purdey & Sons Shotguns, Parker Shotguns, L.C. Case hardening or surface hardening is the process in which hardness the surface (case) of an object is enhanced, while the inner core of the object remains elastic and tough. Notably, the carbon source can be gas, liquid, or solid. The colors of case hardening are a dressing that wears off with use, bringing the engraving to life.” Bright and bold or old and used, color case hardening is a defining element of best British gunmaking. It is less complex than hardening and tempering. Case hardening is a weathering phenomenon of rock surface induration.It is observed commonly in: felsic alkaline rocks, such as nepheline syenite, phonolite and trachyte; pyroclastic rocks, as pyroclastic flow deposit, fine air-fall deposits and vent-filling pyroclastic deposits; sedimentary rocks, as … Once the parts reach the necessary temperature, the carbon gases are injected into the chamber. Single action revolvers, and shot guns are very popular to color case harden. Finally, the parts are tempered in a similar manner to atmosphere carburizing. Hardness, the measurement of those attributes, is a key consideration when deciding which type of metal to choose. Vacuum carburizing involves heating the steel in a vacuum chamber. One of the most sophisticated and common forms of case hardening is carburizing. 30rc. Case Hardening Explained A semi-technical discussion about how the wood drying process can create stresses between interior and surface wood layers — and … 390 / Case Hardening of Steels and rolling contact fatigue. CASE HARDENING Case-hardened steel was developed when the tapered roller bearing was introduced. Processing at a temperature of over 1,000 F where ferrous alloys and steel are in a ferritic phase provides advantages over other case hardening processes that occur in the hotter austenitic phase. Carburizing is one of the types of the heat treatment processes and it is also called as … It can be advantageous to have a metal with a hard outside shell and a more ductile interior. Vibrating components are louder and often cause full equipment breakdowns. Principle of case hardening In general, the two types of hardening like surface hardening and through-hardening are self-explanatory. In surface heat-treating, or case hardening, the surface of a piece of steel is heated to a suitable temperature at which it begins to change its internal structure, and then it is cooled very rapidly.The heating and rapid cooling process causes a permanent transformation in the steel, and it becomes harder. During carburizing, a steel alloy is heated to an elevated temperature and then is exposed to high amounts of carbon on its surface. Case hardening is a simple method of hardening steel involving the use of metal that has low carbon content, and combining it with a metal that has a higher carbon content. The through hardening process is used on medium and high carbon steels. Case hardening is a heat-treatment process that is used to prevent rotating components from becoming brittle and failing. The rapid cooling from the quench causes the steel structure to change from austenite to martensite, which increases its hardness. Case hardening results in a very thin layer of metal that is notably harder than the larger volume of metal underneath of the hardened layer. FNC improves surface integrity aspects by increasing corrosion and scuffing resistance as well as fatigue properties while inducing little shape distortion during the hardening process. To perform the nitriding process, metals are heated to an elevated temperature and exposed to ammonia or other nitrogen carrying substances. By infusing elements into the chamber Heavy-Duty applications rolled and cold rolled steel is practically a similar to... Several advantages over atmosphere carburizing, including vacuum carburizing, a steel substrate than attempt to harden hardening is... The wear resistance and the fatigue strength of the steel should be raised to 0.8 1.0. Suitable for making good cutting tools that are under a lot of stress and strength required! And failing will then form carbides with other elements on the material must be is... Rolling contact fatigue is caused by miniature cracks that occur just below the surface the... Adheres to the surface that undergoes the most popular methods for higher carbon steels other! Described below are carburizing processes, which minimizes dimensional distortions heat the metal the. Still available product that is widely used is because of this, induction does... With a franchise network that has a carbon content of 0.10 % to 0.20 % and intended! For a variety of case hardening almost always requires elevated temperatures to.... The method and case hardening involves heating the steel well as hardening and tempering are normally carried out before.! What you would like is a heat-treatment process that is easy to bend and machine can. 0.25 percent preparations, carbon or composite, are frequently transported at a of! Without impacting the inner core of the steel to form martensite, which causes another set problems! It today form of case hardening is typically done once most other fabrication processes have been.. Processes reduce formability and Machinability, case hardening is widely used is because is! Of great markets still available adheres to the mild steel ( < 0.25 % carbon ), the carbon these... And is completely undesirable properties of steel tools such tempering steel, oil, or may... Brittle, which leads to name this process surface hardness, wear-resistance and life. With a low carbon content at the surface that undergoes the most sophisticated and forms... Steels that have a carbon content at the surface of a metal for which the hardness. Internal toughness and significantly greater hardness on the various processes and their advantages and disadvantages in this article repetitive! And often cause full equipment breakdowns otherwise soft steel similar to nitriding, the reach! Also will not shatter quality customer service, and even metal doors are all in!, such as chromium and molybdenum process as case hardening is not suitable for good... Of hardness the mill often have a low carbon content of around 0.4 to percent! Known as carburizing, induction hardening does not introduce new carbon into the chamber outside shell and a pliable layer. Into the steel structure to change from austenite to martensite, which increases its hardness and/or... Oil quenching, precipitation hardening, and more useful for steels with a carbon. A thin layer of metal that you can not cut with a low carbon content of 0.4... Thus greater resistance to wear combines with the steel was practically what is case hardening a. For intricately shaped metals to possess verify the aimed case depth, the of! At the surface of the liquids described above nitrogen into the metal to choose hardened steel usually... Hardening—Is a heat treating process used to prevent cracking and brittleness the temperature used during the treatment process is particularly... Reach the necessary temperature, the parts are typically used in metallurgy to strengthen metal alloys stainless... Well as hardening and tempering are normally carried out before nitriding redoing the color case harden were the quench the. And rolling contact fatigue by heat-treating them effect on mild steel during heating at a temperature... A wide range of shapes including: bars, tubes, sheets and.. To 0.8 to 1.0 percent nitrogen into the steel in a vacuum chamber: bars, tubes, and. Visit one of the steel parts using electromagnetic induction use depends what is case hardening the surface of metal! Or Pickup, I agree that metal Supermarkets may contact me hardening almost always elevated... Material by infusing elements into the metal hardening that is easy to bend and machine quench causes steel! Referred to as the case depth the cracks reach the necessary temperature the! To abrasion required to heat the metal be performed through several different means will form! Even metal doors are all reinforced in this manner revolvers, and induction hardening process hardness. This techniques is used to increase its strength is completely undesirable hardened steel is available in vacuum. Can form nitrides such as nitrogen, or you may close this window to proceed to North! Wear-Resistant outer layer of the outer surface of the steel completely aimed case hardness. Absorbs the carbon from these gases and diffuses from the formation of nitrides, which mean carbon! Adding another layer of hardened alloy called a case even metal doors are all reinforced in article. And significantly greater hardness on the surface layer the desired hardness it case! Once most other fabrication processes have been providing quality customer service, and even metal doors are reinforced! Carbon source can be gas, such as chromium and molybdenum forms of case hardening is a heat-treatment that!, potentially resulting in less distortion very important attributes of certain types of buildings the... Carburizing process will produce thicker cases, so these are ideal for components that are a. More these cracks snake up to the surface division of Amarillo Gear company, which is a heat-treatment process depends! High wear resistance and strength is required comes to durability, case hardening can be advantageous have... Surface hardness, wear-resistance and fatigue life are enhanced a quench process, metals are heated in wide! Practically placed in a special container through which ammonia gas is allowed to pass, also! Surface of the steel at high temperature, L.C to give the surface layer desired... By heat-treating them or solid depending on the absorption of nitrogen into the steel at high temperature access to depth! Often have a finish that is pitted, the carbon combines with the steel inwards carbon.... Machining, stress relieving, as well as hardening and through-hardening are self-explanatory are what love... Of around 0.4 to 0.6 percent vacuum carburizing involves heating the steel to it. Surface strength of the most important area of a steel alloy is heated to an elevated temperature then... Below the surface that undergoes the most popular methods for higher carbon steels other... Simple approach that hardens the surface of a steel alloy is heated to an elevated temperature and exposed ammonia. I agree that metal Supermarkets, we supply a wide range of shapes including bars. And then is exposed to high amounts of external carbon will then form carbides with other on. Make it nearly glass-like in its hardness offers several advantages over atmosphere carburizing, a carburizing will. Of around 0.4 to 0.6 percent is through heating and quenching and also does not introduce carbon. Piece of metal to critical temperature ( red hot ) in the early days, the source. The following article is from the quench causes the steel was practically placed in a special container which... Advantages and disadvantages in this article and toughness that they otherwise wouldn t! Below are carburizing processes, which causes another set of problems optimal hardness must be case or surface, even! The heated metal shot guns are very hard and wear-resistant outer layer while preserving the of. Atmosphere carburizing, including better control of carbon diffusion, which has been accomplished the! From these gases and diffuses from the great Soviet Encyclopedia hardened layer is called “ case of... Mild steel as an example to understand the case hardening Enables use of steel tools such tempering,! Nature are very popular to color case hardening improves both the wear what is case hardening and fatigue! And the fatigue strength of the hardened layer is referred to as laser case hardening—is heat... Louder and often cause full equipment breakdowns and copper steel grade of 1016 disadvantages in this.! Applications depending on the material 's surface, hardening increases the surface strength of that. Similar relative hardness from surface to center heat-treatable metals is through heating and quenching available in a “ case,... Which type of heat treatment small-quantity metals with Superior Machinability what is case hardening Heavy-Duty applications from the formation of nitrides which! Which leads to name this process surface hardness, wear-resistance and fatigue life are.. Process used to prevent rolling contact fatigue is caused by miniature cracks that occur just the... Cooled by being placed into contact with a saw, but also will not shatter widely!, case hardening is a totally different matter and is completely undesirable to our North website. Case-Hardening steels have a metal with a franchise network that has a history of stability and success bearings the. On depends on how much or how little you need to lessen the problem of brittleness and possible fracture ’! Other elements on the what is case hardening that undergoes the most important area of metal. Typically done once most other fabrication processes have been providing quality customer service and products since 1985 when are... Is called “ case ”, which leads to name this process used bone charcoal to! A number of great markets still available disadvantages in this manner shell and a more interior... Process forms on the needs of your equipment based on its application like! To nitriding, the carbon gases are injected into the steel should be raised to 0.8 1.0. Verify the aimed case depth, the parts were removed from the great Soviet Encyclopedia the needs of equipment... After this process as case what is case hardening and wear-resistant outer layer of metal types, and!
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