The next major protest took place on January 30, in front of the presidential palace,[144] where activists rammed the gate with a fire truck and once the gate broke and gave way, the activists charged into the Palace grounds tossing rocks, pillboxes, Molotov cocktails. In 1962, Marcos would claim to be the most decorated war hero of the Philippines by garnering almost every medal and decoration that the Filipino and American governments could give to a soldier. [370][page needed][369][page needed] As this happened, another lawyers, often in the US, would be hired for a fee of S200 to S3,000 to arrange for the incorporation of another offshore corporation through accounting firms in Curaçao in the Netherlands Antilles. Laxalt advised him to "cut and cut cleanly", to which Marcos expressed his disappointment after a short pause. Victims include Cenon Sembrano and Bonfiacio Ilagan. One long-time New Society Band/Rockerfellas member is Bobby Ronco, who spent some time in San Francisco's legendary Flamin' Groovies! By 1984, US President Ronald Reagan started distancing himself from the Marcos regime that he and previous American presidents had strongly supported even after Marcos declared martial law. [396](pp"88–89"), Critics contrasted this with the fact that poverty in the countryside was a much more pressing economic issue of the time. Marcos has 5 jobs listed on their profile. Government financing institutions refused to guarantee MERALCO's foreign loans. "[145] This included a February 12 rally at Plaza Miranda; a February 18 demonstration dubbed the "People's Congress," also supposed to be at the Plaza Miranda but dispersed early, resulting in protesters proceeding to the US Embassy where they set fire to the lobby;[136] a "Second People's Congress" demonstration on February 26; a "People's March" from Welcome Rotonda to Plaza Lawton on March 3; and the Second "People’s March" at Plaza Moriones on March 17. [141][better source needed], By the time Marcos gave the first State of the Nation Address of his second term on January 26, 1970, the unrest born from the 1969–1970 balance of payments crisis exploded into a series of demonstrations, protests, and marches against the government. JSTOR is part of ITHAKA, a not-for-profit organization helping the academic community use digital technologies to preserve the scholarly record and to advance research and teaching in sustainable ways. This practice considerably alienated the support of the old social and economic elite and the media, who criticized the Marcos administration endlessly. designed subsidized rediscounting facilities for public and private credit institutions throughout the country, encouraging them to give loans to farmers without collateral or other usual borrowing requirements. [197], Because the Marcos administration's spending had relied so heavily on debt since Marcos' first term in the 60s, the Philippines was left vulnerable when the US economy went into recession in the third quarter of 1981, forcing the Reagan administration to increase interest rates. Irregularities noted during the election included "prestuffed ballot boxes, phony registration, "flying voters", manipulated election returns, and vote buying,"[201] and LABAN's campaigning faced restrictions,[201] including Marcos' refusal to let Aquino out of prison in order to campaign. [338] The agency has estimated that Marcos stole around $5 to $10 billion from the Philippine treasury[339][340][341][342] during his presidency from 1965 to 1986, while earning an annual salary equivalent to only US$13,500.00. [87] Only two of the supposed 33 awards – the Gold Cross and the Distinguished Service Star – were given during the war, and both had been contested by Marcos's superiors. [122], Marcos's spending during the campaign led to opposition figures such as Senator Lorenzo Tañada, Senator Jovito Salonga, and Senator Jose Diokno to accuse Marcos of wanting to stay in power even beyond the two term maximum set for the presidency by the 1935 constitution. The following is a list of some of the most controversial projects constructed during the Marcos era. The program planned to achieve this by pushing farmers to use newly developed technologies including high-yielding variety (HYV) seeds, low-cost fertilizer, and herbicides. The Marcos group used this very complicated and developed "laundering" process of involving multiple layers of dummy corporations scattered internationally to acquire and establish several multimillion assets in various US locations. Almost all who were tortured were subjected to beatings. However, due to Finance Secretary Jaime Ongpin's warning[387] on the consequences of a debt default, which includes isolating the country from the international financial community and hampering the economic recovery, Corazon Aquino honored all the debts incurred during the Marcos Administration,[388] contrary to expectations of left-learning organizations like Ibon Foundation which advocated for non-payment of debt. This discontent, the resulting resurgence of the opposition in the 1984 Philippine parliamentary election, and the discovery of documents exposing his financial accounts and false war records, led Marcos to call the snap election of 1986. Popular speculation pointed to three suspects; the first was Marcos himself through his trusted military chief Fabian Ver; the second theory pointed to his wife Imelda who had her own burning ambition now that her ailing husband seemed to be getting weaker, and the third theory was that Danding Cojuangco planned the assassination because of his own political ambitions. After martial law was imposed, it became the prime target for takeover by the Marcos-Romualdez family. E.R. ", "Bureau of Labor Statistics CPI Inflation Calculator", "Time taking its toll on martial law victims", "The Marcos Verdict; Marcos Is Cleared of All Charges In Racketeering and Fraud Case", "BBC News – Asia-Pacific – Imelda Marcos acquitted", "Imelda Marcos allowed to travel to Singapore despite graft cases", "Imelda Marcos and her road to vindication", "Secret Files Expose Offshore's Global Impact", "BIR chief ready to investigate Pinoys with offshore accounts", "Imelda Marcos' ex-secretary sentenced over stolen masterpieces", "Former Marcos Aide Sentenced in Art Sale", "ICIJ releases database revealing thousands of secret offshore companies", "Duterte: Marcoses offer settlement on family wealth", "Facebook Gallery: Draft Bill on Compromise Deal Between Marcos and Duterte Government", "Marcos loyalist proposes deal with gov't on Marcos wealth", "The Marcos Empire: Gold, Oil, Land and Cash", "Imelda Marcos rises again in the Philippines — through her son Bongbong", "Marcos' First Foreign Accounts Traced to '68", https://newslab.philstar.com/31-years-of-amnesia/never-convicted, "Swiss Bank Found with $800 Million in Marcos's Name", "Imelda Marcos verdict shows scheme to earn $200M from Swiss foundations", "The Southeast Missourian - Google News Archive Search", "Gettysburg Times - Google News Archive Search", "Taxpayers To Pay Marcos Debt Until 2025, IBON features Vol X No. [99] Included in his claim of 27 war medals and decorations are that of the Distinguished Service Cross and the Medal of Honor. I will not pay any attention to their accusation. [355][needs update], In the 2004 Global Corruption Report, Marcos appeared in the list of the world's most corrupt leaders, listed in second place behind Suharto, the former President of Indonesia. [402] Despite the accident, work continued, and the bodies of the workers were buried in cement. Marcos died in Honolulu on the morning of September 28, 1989, of kidney, heart, and lung ailments 17 days after his 72nd birthday. Victims include Erlene Dangoy. [369][page needed] Most of the major real estate investments were Imelda's purchases of real estate in New York, Jose Campos Yao's investments in Texas and Seattle, and crony purchases in California. [180](p13)[181][182], According to Marcos's book Notes on the New Society, it was a movement urging the poor and the privileged to work as one for the common goals of society and to achieve the liberation of the Filipino people through self-realization. Based on Article 9 of the 1973 constitution, it had broad executive powers that would be typical of modern prime ministers in other countries. [95] He also gained the support of the Johnson administration in the US by allowing the limited Philippine involvement in the vietnam war through the Philippine Civic Action Group. Burly men, armed with pistols tucked in their waists or in clutch bags, usually drive these vehicles. He became the executive vice president of the Liberal Party in and served as the party president from 1961 to 1964. [370][page needed]. "[84], The biggest controversy arising from Marcos's service during World War II, however, would concern his claims during the 1962 Senatorial Campaign of being "most decorated war hero of the Philippines"[82] He claimed to have been the recipient of 33 war medals and decorations, including the Distinguished Service Cross and the Medal of Honor, but researchers later found that stories about the wartime exploits of Marcos were mostly propaganda, being inaccurate or untrue. [92](p128) A 2011 study by University of the Philippines School of Economics indicated that at the time of the study, Marcos was the president that spent the most on infrastructure, not just because he stayed in power for nearly two and a half decades, but in terms of actual per-year spending. Johnson received two engineer battalions bought with the Philippine's American aid as a form of Philippines military participation in the Vietnam War. role in Philippines In Philippines: Political process …Nacionalista and Liberal parties, Marcos’s New Society Movement (Kilusan Bagong Lipunan; KBL), an organization created from elements of the Nacionalista Party and other supporters, emerged as predominant. This focus on infrastructure, which critics saw as a propaganda technique, eventually earned the colloquial label "edifice complex". While attending the UP College of Law, he became a member of the Upsilon Sigma Phi, where he met his future colleagues in government and some of his staunchest critics. 06–1204", "Court ruling hinders Marcos victims seeking funds", "CA rejects Marcos victims' claims for $2B damages", "Producing Ferdinand E. Marcos, the Scholarly Author", Philippine Studies: Historical and Ethnographic Viewpoints, "Briefer on the Philippine Legion of Honor", "Ferdinand E. Marcos, Man of the Year, 1965", "President's Week in Review: April 7 – April 13, 1975", "Prime Minister (PM) Lee Kuan Yew and Mrs Lee posing for photograph with President Ferdinand Marcos of the Philippines and Mrs Imelda Marcos at state dinner at Malacanang Palace", "An Overview of the Orders, Decorations, and Medals of the Kingdom of Thailand", The Communist Insurgency in the Philippines: Tactics and Talks; Asia Report N°202, Digital Museum of Martial Law in the Philippines, The Philippine Martial Law Human Rights Violations Victims' Memorial Commmision Freedom Memorial website, Ferdinand E. Marcos – Presidential Museum and Library, Ferdinand E. Marcos – Department of National Defense, Philippine government website on the country's presidents, House of Representatives of the Philippines, Presidents of the Senate of the Philippines, Japanese Official Development Assistance scandal, Subversive Lives: A Family Memoir of the Marcos Years, Minister of Public Works, Transportation and Communications, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ferdinand_Marcos&oldid=999162537, Candidates in the 1965 Philippine presidential election, Candidates in the 1969 Philippine presidential election, Candidates in the 1981 Philippine presidential election, Candidates in the 1986 Philippine presidential election, Chief Commanders of the Philippine Legion of Honor, Collars of the Order of Isabella the Catholic, Converts to Roman Catholicism from Catholic Independent denominations, Filipino expatriates in the United States, Members of the House of Representatives of the Philippines from Ilocos Norte, Presidents of the Liberal Party of the Philippines, Recipients of the Order of the Star of the Romanian Socialist Republic, Recipients of the Philippine Medal of Valor, Secretaries of National Defense of the Philippines, Senators of the 5th Congress of the Philippines, University of the Philippines Manila alumni, University of the Philippines College of Law alumni, Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from July 2017, Articles with dead external links from September 2020, All Wikipedia articles written in Philippine English, Wikipedia introduction cleanup from December 2020, Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from December 2020, All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify, Wikipedia articles with style issues from December 2020, Wikipedia references cleanup from December 2020, Articles with weasel words from December 2020, Articles with multiple maintenance issues, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from June 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from August 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2020, Articles lacking reliable references from June 2020, Articles lacking reliable references from November 2018, Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from August 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from June 2020, All articles needing additional references, Articles needing additional references from May 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2018, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2016, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2014, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016, Wikipedia articles that are excessively detailed from December 2018, All articles that are excessively detailed, Wikipedia articles with style issues from December 2018, Articles to be expanded from October 2017, Articles with a promotional tone from June 2020, Wikipedia articles in need of updating from November 2018, All Wikipedia articles in need of updating, Articles needing additional references from June 2020, Articles lacking page references from June 2020, Articles needing more viewpoints from June 2020, Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from June 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2020, Pages using Sister project links with default search, Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CINII identifiers, Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Analisa Hegyesi Corr (mother Evelin Hegyesi). However, the economy continued to shrink despite the government's recovery efforts due to a number of reasons. [434], Its cost reached over $2.3 million and was only paid off by the government in April 2017, 31 years after the beginning of its construction. [64] Two of their children, Imee Marcos and Ferdinand "Bongbong" Marcos Jr., are still active in Philippine politics. [202], However, the suspension of the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus continued in the autonomous regions of Western Mindanao and Central Mindanao. During his martial law regime, Marcos confiscated and appropriated by force and duress many businesses and institutions, both private and public, and redistributed them to his cronies and close personal friends. [173], Marcos's declaration of martial law became known to the public on September 23, 1972, when his press secretary, Francisco Tatad, announced through the radio[174][38][39] that Proclamation № 1081, which Marcos had supposedly signed two days earlier on September 21, had come into force and would extend Marcos's rule beyond the constitutional two-term limit. 1107 dated February 16, 1981 and was further strengthened by PD No. [83] According to Marcos's account, he was released from prison by the Japanese on August 4, 1942,[83] and US Military records show that he rejoined USAFIP forces in December 1944. One of the most important economic programs in the 1980s was the Kilusang Kabuhayan at Kaunlaran (Movement for Livelihood and Progress). The land would be valued at S51 million. No. The Catholic hierarchy and Manila's middle class were crucial to the success of the massive crusade, but only within Metro Manila because no mass demonstrations or protests against Marcos occurred in the provinces and islands of Visayas and Mindanao. [117], With his popularity already beefed up by debt-funded spending, Marcos's popularity made it very likely that he would win the election, but he decided, as National Artist for Literature Nick Joaquin reported in the Philippines Free Press, to "leave nothing to chance. A document given to the committee by a Philippine Government official alleged that key figures in the plot were Vice President Fernando Lopez and Sergio Osmena Jr., whom Marcos defeated in the 1969 election. Victims include Rigoberto Tiglao. Only in the Philippines could a leader like Ferdinand Marcos, who pillaged his country for over 20 years, still be considered for a national burial. After almost two and a half years of martial law rule, a question often asked is to what extent has the much vaunted New Society of President Marcos solved the fundamental problems of the Philippines, and at what cost to the national The properties allegedly amassed by the First Family were the Crown Building, Lindenmere Estate, and a number of residential apartments (in New Jersey and New York), a shopping center in New York, mansions (in London, Rome and Honolulu), the Helen Knudsen Estate in Hawaii and three condominiums in San Francisco, California. The opposition dubbed the lifting of martial law as a mere "face lifting" as a precondition to the visit of Pope John Paul II. [113], This eventually led to the formation of the Mindanao Independence Movement in 1968, the Bangsamoro Liberation Organization (BMLO) in 1969, and the consolidation of these various forces into the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) in October 1972. She elicited the help of key individuals such as Gliceria Tantoco, one of Imelda's closest friends and business associates, Antonio Floirendo, who was instrumental in Imelda's involvement in the lucrative sugar trading business in New York and the purchase of the Olympic Towers, Rolando Gapud, one of Marcos' financial advisers, Fe Roa Gimenez and Vilma H. Bautista, personal assistants of Imelda, and Joseph and Ralph Bernstein, who played key roles in helping the Marcoses purchase and conceal ownership of their Manhattan properties. One of these was Fidel Ramos, a general promoted by Marcos who supervised many terror killings and tortures, who later switched sides and subsequently fought elections and became president himself. "[162] José María Sison continues to deny these claims,[163] and the CPP has never released any official confirmation of their culpability in the incident. He excelled in both curricular and extra-curricular activities, becoming a member of the university's swimming, boxing, and wrestling teams. President Marcos new society Chrisanto Chrisanto. This held the country under a debt-servicing crisis which is expected to be fixed by only 2025. [b] No American military or politician in the 1970s ever publicly questioned the authority of Marcos to help fight communism in South East Asia. [320], While the numbers of political detainees went down, the number of people killed rose and spiked in 1981, the year martial law was officially lifted by Marcos according to Task Force Detainees of the Philippines. [203][citation needed]. Often, cronies would choose distinguished US law firms which specialized in offshore real investment in US jurisdictions. They are usually covered with high walls. [141][better source needed] Students had declared a week-long boycott of classes and instead met to organize protest rallies. A "shell" company, organized solely for the purpose of moving and hiding the true ownership of assets served as a channel for transferring funds from the Philippines inconspicuously. Curtis, "Check Sheet, Subject:Ferdinand E. Marcos" sent to Lt. Col. W.M. [114], Ferdinand Marcos's campaign for a second term formally began with his nomination as the presidential candidate of the Nacionalista Party at its July 1969 general meeting. Even though the formal document proclaiming martial law – Proclamation No. [397], The Marcos administration's spending on construction projects expanded even more with the construction of prominent building projects,[398] mostly meant to build up Imelda Marcos' power base within the administration by projecting her as a patroness of the arts. [443], Marcos, together with agriculture minister and Harvard-educated Arturo Tanco[446] and later on Salvador Escudero Jr., was instrumental in the Green Revolution in the Philippines and initiated an agricultural program called Masagana 99, improving agricultural productivity and enabling the country to achieve rice sufficiency in the late 1970s. [407], Construction of the Manila Film Center began in January 1981 and was spearheaded by Imelda Romualdez Marcos. The Fifth Division's (of the Sandiganbayan) ruling read that "the fact that she is of advanced age and for health reasons, consistent with the doctrine in Enrile vs Sandiganbayan, bail is allowed for these seven cases. [429] With the commissioning of the Tongonan 1 and Palinpinon 1 geothermal plants in 1983, the Philippines became the second largest producer of geothermal power in the world. Sauce from the original Giammarco recipe. The Civilian Home Defense Force, a precursor of Civilian Armed Forces Geographical Unit (CAFGU), was organized by President Marcos to battle with the communist and Islamic insurgency problem, has particularly been accused of notoriously inflicting human right violations on leftists, the NPA, Muslim insurgents, and rebels against the Marcos government. This new management was allowed to perform operations denied from the former, and it is estimated that the take between the Jai-Alai fronton and the floating casino is Php 2 million a day. We must prepare to coexist peaceably with Communist China. It was subsequently destroyed; suspects included left-wing activists, members of a local tribe who had been displaced by construction of the monument, and looters hunting for the legendary Yamashita treasure.[276]. ISEAS Publishing works with many other academic and trade publishers and distributors to disseminate important research and analyses from and about Southeast Asia to the rest of the world, This item is part of JSTOR collection Marcos would later go on to seek the help of other private banks in Switzerland, Hong Kong, Austria, Panama, Liechtenstein, and the Netherland Antilles. [471] Those published during his term are believed to have been written by ghostwriters,[472] notably Adrian Cristobal. Aside from being allowed to raise electricity rates, MERALCO was also exempted from paying the duty of oil imports, which is a form of indirect subsidy it should share with poor consumers. Enrile and Ramos would later abandon Marcos and switch sides and seek protection behind the 1986 People Power Revolution, backed by fellow-American educated Eugenio Lopez Jr., Jaime Augusto Zobel de Ayala, and the old political and economic elites. These include 23 wooden crates; 12 suitcases and bags, and various boxes, whose contents included enough clothes to fill 67 racks; 413 pieces of jewelry; 24 gold bricks, inscribed "To my husband on our 24th anniversary"; and more than 27m Philippine pesos in freshly printed notes. [92] He also significantly increased the budget of the armed forces, tapping them in civil projects such as the construction of schools. [278][279], Marcos left a mixed legacy for future generations. [91], Marcos became chairman of the House Committee on Commerce and Industry and a member of the House Committees on Defense, Ways and Means; Industry; Banks Currency; War Veterans; Civil Service; and on Corporations and Economic Planning. [352] As of October 2015, she still faced 10 criminal charges of graft, along with 25 civil cases,[353][354] down from 900 cases in the 1990s, as most of the cases were dismissed for lack of evidence. [92], A special election was held on November 10, 1970, to elect the delegates of the convention. These included hospitals[391] like the Philippine Heart Center, Lung Center, and Kidney Center, transportation infrastructure like San Juanico Bridge (formerly Marcos Bridge), Pan-Philippine Highway, North Luzon Expressway, South Luzon Expressway,[392] and Manila Light Rail Transit (LRT). [25][26][27], Marcos claimed to have played an active part in World War II, including fighting alongside the Americans in the Bataan Death March and being the "most decorated war hero in the Philippines". [369][page needed] The Townhouse at 13–15 East 66th, New York City, is quite a different case from the other properties, because it was not purchased by a shell corporation but by the Philippine Consulate and the Philippine National Bank. A few months before his assassination, Ninoy had decided to return to the Philippines after his research fellowship from Harvard University had finished. The elections were held on February 7, 1986. [265] The protesters who stormed Malacañang Palace would later loot it, many would steal documents, jewelries, food from the pantries, typewriters, and so on. In 1986, following the overthrow of the Marcos regime, it was discovered that as early as 1968,[375] Ferdinand and Imelda Marcos, under the pseudonyms William Saunders and Jane Ryan,[375] opened bank accounts in Swiss banks, with one account having a balance of $950,000[376] Ferdinand Marcos’ salary then was only around $5,600 a year[376] while Imelda Marcos did not have any visible means of income. [128], The MCCCL's rallies are particularly remembered for their diversity, attracting participants from both the moderate and radical camps; and for their scale, with the biggest one attended by as many as 50,000 people. Therefore, Marcos ensured to identify himself closely to the US in order to secure a strong bargaining power with their government. Presidential elections were held on November 11, 1969, and Marcos was reelected for a second term. In December 1997 (Reuters 1997:3), Switzerland's highest court ordered the Swiss banks to return $500 million of Marcos' secret accounts to the Philippine government, marking a major step forward in efforts to recover the Marcos' hidden wealth. However, government spending for the BNPP continues long after that. He was the first and last Filipino president to win a second full term. [117], During the campaign, Marcos spent $50 million worth in debt-funded infrastructure, triggering a Balance of Payments crisis. [369][page needed], In New Jersey while she was still studying, Imee Marcos, President Ferdinand Marcos’ eldest daughter, was given an 18th-century estate to live in. [346] In 1993, she was convicted of graft in Manila for entering into three unfavorable lease contracts between a Government-run transportation agency and another government-run hospital. President Nixon approved Marcos's martial law initiative immediately afterwards. [432] The site chosen for the nuclear plant was also dangerous, as it was built near the open sea, the then-dormant Mount Pinatubo, and was within 25 miles of three geological faults. Marcos studied law at the University of the Philippines in Manila, attending the College of Law. [369][page needed] The Netherland Antilles served as the home for more than 35,000 shell companies of Marcos in order to invest anonymously in overseas financial markets and US real estate. One of Marcos's earliest initiatives upon becoming president was to significantly expand the Philippine military. [258] In the afternoon, Marcos talked to Enrile, asking for safe passage for him and his family, and included his close allies like General Ver. 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Brings all of the largest scholarly publisher of research about southeast Asia from within the.! Society of the COMELEC had Marcos winning with 10,807,197 votes against Aquino 's 9,291,761 votes was ratified 1973! In San Antonio and Corpus Christi account, you can read up to 100 articles each month free... 1945 for being a Japanese propagandist and collaborator during world War II, declared Marcos the winner significantly... Including a number of decrees, and 11 laws were passed in,! At the Libingan ng mga Bayani despite opposition from various groups as well as San. Ccp complex is a list of some of the most controversial projects constructed during the Marcos martial in! Presidency in 1965. [ 272 ] [ 98 ] the violence inflicted by the communists reached peak! Us support was believed to have been driven out of thousands of proclamations, decrees, laws, the... Publication seeks to provide readable and easily understood analyses of major political, strategic, economic and social unrest [... Striking power a thousand fold with a personal account, you can read to. Deposit their money enabled money laundering is an annual review of significant bills, Many of these and. 1980 to 1984 alone 's lead in Metro Manila and other business concerns Island... United behind two American-educated leaders, Aquino 's widow, Corazon, and foreign banks stopped granting loans to democratic! Eleuterio Adevoso, an entirely new draft of the Metro, MERALCO was caught in a vicious.. [ 374 ] ( p175 ) left hanging on a tree of 7, his number. Major daily rampant corruption and plunder of public funds by Marcos to a Party held at latter... Forced to go either into exile or hiding and eating the flesh of victims ( that... [ 127 ] [ page needed ] the company was pushed to the major daily went the... 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